Cryptosporidium, or Giardia. Freezing fish reduces risk but doesn’t eliminate it. Raw shellfish can cause severe gastrointestinal illness.
Produce: Unwashed fruits and vegetables can carry eggs or cysts from contaminated soil. Toxoplasma gondii is especially dangerous during pregnancy, risking miscarriage or birth defects. Giardia and Cyclospora can cause chronic diarrhea, bloating, and nutrient malabsorption. Thorough washing, scrubbing firm produce, and soaking leafy greens in diluted vinegar are important.
Unpasteurized Dairy: Raw milk, soft cheeses, and unpasteurized yogurt can carry Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Toxoplasma. Pasteurization kills these parasites; vulnerable groups should avoid raw dairy entirely.
Water: Contaminated water can transmit Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium. Boiling water, using filters, or choosing bottled water is essential, especially when traveling to regions with poor sanitation.
Prevention Tips
Cook meats to safe internal temperatures: pork 145°F (63°C), ground beef 160°F (71°C), fish 145°F (63°C).
Freeze fish intended for raw consumption at -4°F (-20°C) for seven days, though this isn’t foolproof.
Wash produce thoroughly, peel when possible, and soak leafy greens in vinegar solution.
